{"id":14064,"date":"2022-11-11T16:02:32","date_gmt":"2022-11-11T08:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hugillandip.com\/2022\/11\/hong-kong-lawyer-passing-over-the-reigns\/"},"modified":"2024-02-26T14:07:00","modified_gmt":"2024-02-26T06:07:00","slug":"hong-kong-lawyer-passing-over-the-reigns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hugillandip.com\/zh-hant\/2022\/11\/hong-kong-lawyer-passing-over-the-reigns\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9999\u6e2f\u5f8b\u5e2b | \u6539\u671d\u63db\u4ee3"},"content":{"rendered":"

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<\/i>Download<\/span><\/a><\/div>
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Role and Importance of Administrator and Executor<\/h5>\n

An executor or an administrator is a person responsible for administration of a Deceased\u2019s person\u2019s Estate. This person is called an executor if he is named in a deceased person\u2019s Will. Where no executor is named or if a person dies without making a Will, the person taking up administration by way of his priority pursuant to the intestacy law is called an Administrator. The role of an executor\/administrator is very important, and involves:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Taking the necessary steps to identify, protect, secure, and recover all assets of a deceased person\u2019s Estate;<\/li>\n
  2. Taking the necessary steps to identify, review, and settle the proved and outstanding debts and liabilities of the deceased person;<\/li>\n
  3. Keeping a just and true account of the administration of the Estate of the deceased person, including but not limited to the keeping of books and records and preparing receipts and payment accounts for the Estate;<\/li>\n
  4. Making the application for the grant of representation required for the administration of the Estate of the deceased;<\/li>\n
  5. Dealing with claims from creditors, beneficiaries, or third parties in relation to the Estate and, where necessary, taking out legal proceedings to recover or protect assets belonging to the estate; and<\/li>\n
  6. Distributing the assets of the Estate of the deceased person pursuant to the deceased person\u2019s Will and\/or the relevant intestacy laws.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Clearly, executors\/administrators are crucial to the handling of the affairs of a deceased person and beneficiaries rely on them to administer the Estate efficiently and fairly. Not only that, but depending on the size and complexity of a deceased person\u2019s estate, the duties of an executor\/administrator can be extremely daunting.<\/p>\n

    What happens, then, when the Executor or Administrator is unfit for the job? The relevant matters in such a scenario would be, firstly, whether it is appropriate to remove or pass over the executor\/administrator, and secondly, who to appoint in his\/her place.<\/p>\n

    Passover Application<\/h5>\n

    Thankfully, section 36 of the Probate and Administration Ordinance, Cap. 10<\/a> (the \u201cOrdinance\u201d) provides a mechanism for the Court to exercise its discretion to appoint a qualified person to be the administrator of a deceased\u2019s estate in the following situations:-<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Where the deceased died wholly intestate;<\/li>\n
    2. Where the deceased left behind a Will but did not appoint an Executor who is willing or legally competent to take probate;<\/li>\n
    3. Where the Executor is resident out of Hong Kong at the time of death of the deceased person; or<\/li>\n
    4. Where it appears to the court that it is either necessary or convenient to appoint a person to be the Administrator of the Estate of the deceased person other than the person who is otherwise entitled to a grant of administration of the Estate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Amongst these grounds, ground (4) is most commonly relied on for the person who would (if this Ordinance had not been passed) by law have been entitled to the administration of a deceased\u2019s Estate to be \u201cpassed over\u201d for a more qualified person to be appointed administrator. This gives the Court wide discretion to determine whether, taking into account the facts of the case, it would be necessary or convenient to make an order to pass over the current executor\/administrator in favor of another one (\u201cPass-over Order\u201d).<\/p>\n

      The case of Re Estate of Loo Che Chin <\/em>[2013] HKEC 377 illustrates factors the court will take into consideration when determining whether it is \u201cnecessary or convenient\u201d to make a Pass-over Order. In Loo Che Chin<\/em>, the Deceased left behind a Will dividing his estate into 6 equal shares to be distributed to his 5 children and son-in-law. He also named his wife (who predeceased him) and one of his children as executors of his Will. Following the death of the wife, relationship between the beneficiaries began to break down and they eventually fell in two opposing camps with one side applying to pass over the surviving named executor. In making the pass-over order, the court considered the following matters:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. If the person to be passed over is a named Executor under the Will, the Deceased\u2019s understanding of the named executor\u2019s characters, attitudes and relationship (of which the Court lacks) will be considered;<\/li>\n
      2. whether hostility between the beneficiary(ies) and the executor is mutual or merely induced by the beneficiary(ies) as a pretext to pass over the Executor;<\/li>\n
      3. whether the hostility impedes on the executor\u2019s ability to administer the estate fairly or efficiently;<\/li>\n
      4. whether the administration of the estate is a simple matter or not; and<\/li>\n
      5. whether the person to be passed over has caused delay in administration of the estate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        While the above are all relevant factors to take into consideration in a passover application, the Court was minded to emphasize that the exercise of discretion under section 36 of the Ordinance is highly fact-sensitive and will therefore depend heavily on the circumstances and contextual background in each case. Factors that a court will take into consideration is therefore non-exhaustive. Some other examples of matters that courts in other cases have considered when exercising their discretion include misappropriation of estate assets and failure to provide a just and true account or inventory of the estate.<\/p>\n

        Who to appoint?<\/h5>\n

        Where it becomes necessary to make the Pass-over Order, the Court will usually appoint an independent professional to be administrator in the interest of fairness and efficacy. Parties to the Pass-over application may make nominations of their own volition or as requested by the Court, who will usually either be a professional Certified Public Accountant (\u201cCPA\u201d) or a solicitor experienced in such matters. The Court will then exercise its discretion to appoint the person most appropriate to administer the estate.<\/p>\n

        So now we come down to the million-dollar question \u2013 who should you nominate to be the Administrator? As with all things, there are pros and cons to each option.<\/p>\n

        CPAs are, of course, going to be more number-savvy and will be able to navigate complex financial statements to identify missing funds and\/or fiscal shenanigans. For particularly complex estates that involve businesses, it may be preferable to nominate a CPA, who will most likely be better equipped to prepare accounts and for auditing purposes.<\/p>\n

        Solicitors, on the other hand, are more geared towards dealing with matters with a contentious element to it. A solicitor\u2019s experience in handling disputes is also helpful for encouraging party settlement, and, where the former, is not possible, they will be in a better position to seek Court direction in the event of an impasse. Whether a CPA or a solicitor should be nominated is, therefore, largely going to depend on the nature of the Estate in question.<\/p>\n

        The Court has, on several occasions, explored the situations where a CPA would be best suited for the administration of an estate, and in which circumstances a solicitor would be more appropriate instead.<\/p>\n

        In the case of Re Lai Suet Ching <\/em>[2015] HKCFI 2323, the Court elucidated the principles which the Court will take into consideration when making such an appointment. As previously discussed, the Court exercises its discretion under s.36 of the Ordinance in a factually sensitive manner, and the Court at paragraph 26 of the decision provided that the discretion \u201cis to be exercised in the best interests of the estate, including to effect an expeditious and economical administration according to law<\/em>\u201d. The proposed fees of each nominee will of course be relevant in every instance with regard to the economical administration of the estate \u2013 to this end, the fees of the administrator should never significantly deplete the assets of the estate. Furthermore, whether a CPA or a solicitor will be appointed involves a balancing exercise – whether the legal aspect of administration is trickier to deal with than the numerical aspect.<\/p>\n

        Notwithstanding that the estate in question involved assets worth over HK$22.3 million, the Court in Lai Suet Ching<\/em> decided that a solicitor would be more suitable to act as administrator instead of a CPA because the estate involved a lot of issues which requires a solicitor\u2019s legal expertise. In particular, the administrator to be appointed would have to:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. understand the family arrangement having agreed by the parties;<\/li>\n
        2. identify the estate of the deceased mother which was in dispute;<\/li>\n
        3. identify the un-administered estate of the deceased father which was part of the mother\u2019s estate; and<\/li>\n
        4. deal with an ongoing litigation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Ren Micky v Fung Kung Kuen and Others<\/em> [2022] HKCFI 2385 was another case where the Court had to decide between solicitors and CPAs for the administration of an estate. Ultimately, the Court exercised its discretion to appoint a solicitor over a CPA by reason that:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. the estate in question was relatively simple and straightforward to administer; and<\/li>\n
          2. the contentious nature of the case and the ongoing litigation amongst the parties made it such that a solicitor administrator was more appropriate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            As the Court put it at paragraph 27 and 34 of the decision, \u201cAlthough a CPA may have more experience in preparing accounts and in audit generally\u2026 [n]o doubt, an administrator who is a solicitor may have more experience of attending in person at a hearing before the Court<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

            On the other hand, a CPA\u2019s proficiency in analyzing, deciphering, and presenting numerical information is effective in the administration of estates involving multiple businesses and\/or cashflow.<\/p>\n

            The Estate in the case of Chan Yu Hong v Chan Kam Hong and Others <\/em>[2017] HKCFI 1275 involved, among other things, a metal wares manufacturing business run by the deceased by sole proprietorship. Shortly before and after the death of the Deceased, to facilitate transition of the deceased\u2019s business, some beneficiaries set up various entities, firstly a partnership, then a new sole proprietorship, and afterward a limited company. There was no formal transfer of the business from deceased\u2019s sole proprietorship to the new businesses. But it was raised that the deceased\u2019s wife had transferred substantial portion of the deceased\u2019s estate to the new businesses and\/or other entities. Accordingly, when the other beneficiaries applied to remove the surviving administrator, the Court made an order for a CPA to be administrator, citing, in particular, the original administrator\u2019s inability to render complete accounts of the Estate. The Court also requires an administrator to render accurate valuation of the deceased\u2019s business taking into account its goodwill, inventory, and receivables\/payables. To this end, the skillset of a CPA will no doubt be invaluable.<\/p>\n

            Conclusion<\/h5>\n

            At the end of the day, an administrator owes a duty to the estate and to all the beneficiaries entitled to the same. It is therefore important to find one with the correct skillset to best suit your needs. While it is always possible to nominate a CPA and a solicitor to act jointly in the administration of an Estate, it is always important to be mindful of the fees that will be incurred in such case. Most of the times, it is better to appoint one based on whether the Estate requires more legal know-how or fiscal fact-finding. Notwithstanding that an Estate might involve elements of both, it is always possible for a professional administrator to engage a solicitor or a CPA in certain matters only in order to best deal with the situation at hand in a cost-efficient manner. Below is a summary of the (non-exhaustive) benefits that each can bring to the table:<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            CPA<\/u><\/strong><\/h5>\n

            \u00b7 Use of forensic accounting to trace and identify missing\/misappropriated assets<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Calculate value of missing\/misappropriated assets<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Keep accurate accounts and records for complex estate, in particular those involving businesses<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Navigate companies\u2019 financial statements, understand auditing obligations<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n
            Solicitor<\/u><\/strong><\/h5>\n

            <\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Deal with ongoing or potential litigation<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Deal with estates which involve legal agreements (e.g. settlement agreements, family arrangements, etc.)<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Handle legal complexities in estate administrations, such as application for grants involving complications and identifying estate assets<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Handle trust assets<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Take out and represent the estate in court proceedings where appropriate<\/p>\n

            \u00b7 Experience in dealing with and selling landed properties<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

             <\/p>\n

            \u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u53ca\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53ca\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/h5>\n

            \u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u6216\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u662f\u8ca0\u8cac\u7ba1\u7406\u6b7b\u8005\u907a\u7522\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6b7b\u8005\u907a\u56d1\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u3002\u82e5\u907a\u56d1\u6c92\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u6216\u6b7b\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u8a02\u7acb\u907a\u56d1\uff0c\u8a72\u4eba\u58eb\u6839\u64da\u7121\u907a\u56d1\u7e7c\u627f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u6210\u70ba\u7ba1\u7406\u907a\u7522\u8005\uff0c\u5247\u7a31\u70ba\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u3002\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\uff0f\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u63a1\u53d6\u5fc5\u8981\u6b65\u9a5f\u4ee5\u8b58\u5225\u3001\u4fdd\u969c\u3001\u7372\u5f97\u548c\u6536\u56de\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8cc7\u7522\uff1b<\/li>\n
            2. \u63a1\u53d6\u5fc5\u8981\u63aa\u65bd\u4ee5\u8b58\u5225\u3001\u5be9\u67e5\u548c\u6e05\u511f\u5df2\u8b49\u660e\u800c\u672a\u6e05\u511f\u7684\u6b7b\u8005\u50b5\u52d9\u548c\u8cac\u4efb\uff1b<\/li>\n
            3. \u5982\u5be6\u8a18\u9304\u6b7b\u8005\u907a\u7522\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f46\u4e0d\u9650\u65bc\u4fdd\u5b58\u907a\u7522\u7684\u8cec\u7c3f\u3001\u8a18\u9304\u548c\u7de8\u5236\u6536\u652f\u8cec\u76ee\uff1b<\/li>\n
            4. \u7533\u8acb\u627f\u8fa6\u7ba1\u7406\u6b7b\u8005\u907a\u7522\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6388\u4e88\uff1b<\/li>\n
            5. \u8655\u7406\u50b5\u6b0a\u4eba\u3001\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u6216\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5c0d\u907a\u7522\u7684\u7533\u7d22\uff0c\u5fc5\u8981\u6642\u63a1\u53d6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8ffd\u56de\u6216\u4fdd\u8b77\u5c6c\u65bc\u907a\u7522\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\uff1b\u53ca<\/li>\n
            6. \u6839\u64da\u6b7b\u8005\u907a\u56d1\u53ca\uff0f\u6216\u76f8\u95dc\u7121\u907a\u56d1\u7e7c\u627f\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u907a\u7522\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\uff0f\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u986f\u7136\u5c0d\u8655\u7406\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u4e8b\u52d9\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u4ea6\u6307\u671b\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u6548\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u907a\u7522\u3002\u8996\u4e4e\u907a\u7522\u7684\u898f\u6a21\u548c\u8907\u96dc\u7a0b\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\uff0f\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u8077\u8cac\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u8271\u9245\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u7576\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u6216\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u4e0d\u9069\u5b9c\u64d4\u4efb\u8a72\u5d17\u4f4d\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u8fa6\uff1f\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u8003\u616e\u662f\u5426\u9069\u5b9c\u514d\u53bb\u6216\u66ff\u4ee3\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\uff0f\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u59d4\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u66ff\u4ee3\u7533\u8acb<\/h5>\n

              \u300a\u907a\u56d1\u8a8d\u8b49\u53ca\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u689d\u4f8b\u300b\uff08\u7b2c10\u7ae0\uff09\uff08\u300a\u689d\u4f8b\u300b\uff09\u7b2c36\u689d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u8b93\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u914c\u60c5\u59d4\u4efb\u5408\u8cc7\u683c\u4eba\u58eb\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\uff1a<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u6b7b\u8005\u672a\u5c31\u5176\u4efb\u4f55\u907a\u7522\u7acb\u907a\u56d1\uff1b<\/li>\n
              2. \u6b7b\u8005\u96d6\u7559\u6709\u907a\u56d1\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u672a\u59d4\u4efb\u4e00\u540d\u9858\u610f\u4e26\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u80fd\u529b\u9818\u53d6\u907a\u56d1\u8a8d\u8b49\u7684\u4eba\u4f5c\u70ba\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\uff1b<\/li>\n
              3. \u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u65bc\u6b7b\u8005\u53bb\u4e16\u6642\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u4ee5\u5916\u5730\u65b9\u5c45\u4f4f\uff1b\u6216<\/li>\n
              4. \u6cd5\u9662\u89ba\u5f97\u9700\u8981\u6216\u65b9\u4fbf\u59d4\u4efb\u67d0\u4eba\u70ba\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u8a72\u4eba\u58eb\u4e26\u975e\u65bc\u7121\u907a\u56d1\u7e7c\u627f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0b\u6240\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c(4)\u9805\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u4f9d\u7167\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u6b0a\u5c31\u8a72\u907a\u7522\u7372\u6388\u4e88\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4e4b\u4eba\u58eb\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u70ba\u59d4\u4efb\u66f4\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u7684\u4eba\u6210\u70ba\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u3002\u5b83\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e86\u6cd5\u9662\u66f4\u5927\u914c\u60c5\u6b0a\uff0c\u5728\u8003\u616e\u5230\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u5f8c\uff0c\u78ba\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u6709\u9700\u8981\u6216\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5c07\u73fe\u4efb\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\uff0f\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u5d17\u4f4d\u8f49\u79fb\u7d66\u53e6\u4e00\u4eba\uff08\u300c\u66ff\u4ee3\u4ee4\u300d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

                Re Estate of Loo Che Chin <\/em>[2013] HKEC 377\u6848\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u300c\u9700\u8981\u6216\u65b9\u4fbf\u300d\u767c\u51fa\u66ff\u4ee3\u4ee4\u6642\u7684\u8003\u616e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5728Loo Che Chin<\/em>\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b7b\u8005\u7559\u4e0b\u907a\u56d1\u6307\u793a\u628a\u907a\u7522\u5206\u6210\u516d\u4efd\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u4e88\u5176\u4e94\u540d\u5b50\u5973\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u5973\u5a7f\u3002\u4ed6\u4ea6\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u5176\u59bb\u5b50\uff08\u5148\u65bc\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u540d\u5b50\u5973\u4f5c\u70ba\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u5176\u59bb\u5b50\u53bb\u4e16\u5f8c\uff0c\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u958b\u59cb\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u9663\u71df\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u65b9\u7533\u8acb\u66ff\u4ee3\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u66ff\u4ee3\u4ee4\u6642\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e8b\u9805\uff1a<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \u5982\u679c\u88ab\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u907a\u56d1\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u6703\u8003\u616e\u6b7b\u8005\u5c0d\u6307\u5b9a\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u683c\u3001\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08\u6cd5\u9662\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff09\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff1b<\/li>\n
                2. \u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u8207\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6575\u610f\uff0c\u662f\u96d9\u5411\u6216\u5176\u6575\u610f\u50c5\u7531\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u5f15\u8d77\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u7533\u8acb\u66ff\u4ee3\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\uff1b<\/li>\n
                3. \u6575\u610f\u6709\u5426\u59a8\u7919\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u516c\u5e73\u6216\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u907a\u7522\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b<\/li>\n
                4. \u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u5426\u7c21\u55ae\uff1b\u53ca<\/li>\n
                5. \u88ab\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u6709\u5426\u66fe\u9020\u6210\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u5ef6\u8aa4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \u96d6\u7136\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56e0\u7d20\u5747\u5728\u66ff\u4ee3\u7533\u8acb\u4e2d\u6703\u88ab\u8003\u616e\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u9662\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u300a\u689d\u4f8b\u300b\u7b2c36\u689d\u884c\u4f7f\u914c\u60c5\u6b0a\u6642\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8996\u4e4e\u6bcf\u5b97\u6848\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u548c\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u6703\u8003\u616e\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6578\u9805\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u884c\u4f7f\u914c\u60c5\u6b0a\u6642\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u9805\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u632a\u7528\u907a\u7522\u8cc7\u7522\u3001\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u907a\u7522\u8cec\u76ee\u6216\u6e05\u55ae\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

                  \u59d4\u4efb\u8ab0\uff1f<\/h5>\n

                  \u5728\u6709\u9700\u8981\u767c\u51fa\u66ff\u4ee3\u4ee4\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u516c\u5e73\u6709\u6548\u8d77\u898b\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u59d4\u4efb\u4e00\u540d\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u3002\u66ff\u4ee3\u4ee4\u7684\u7533\u8acb\u4eba\u53ef\u81ea\u884c\u6216\u6839\u64da\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u63d0\u540d\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5c08\u696d\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u6216\u5c0d\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7d93\u9a57\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u5f8b\u5e2b\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5c07\u914c\u60c5\u59d4\u4efb\u6700\u5408\u9069\u7684\u4eba\u9078\u7ba1\u7406\u907a\u7522\u3002<\/p>\n

                  \u73fe\u5728\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff1a\u61c9\u8a72\u63d0\u540d\u8ab0\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\uff1f\u6b63\u5982\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u9078\u9805\u90fd\u6709\u512a\u9ede\u548c\u7f3a\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n

                  \u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u7576\u7136\u66f4\u52a0\u7cbe\u901a\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u700f\u89bd\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u8ca1\u52d9\u5831\u8868\u4ee5\u8b58\u5225\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u8cc7\u91d1\u53ca\uff0f\u6216\u8ca1\u52d9\u6b3a\u8a50\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u56e0\u6d89\u53ca\u696d\u52d9\u800c\u7279\u5225\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u907a\u7522\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u63d0\u540d\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u66f4\u6709\u64ec\u5099\u8cec\u76ee\u548c\u9032\u884c\u5be9\u8a08\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

                  \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f8b\u5e2b\u66f4\u719f\u7fd2\u8655\u7406\u5177\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u9805\u3002\u5f8b\u5e2b\u5728\u8655\u7406\u722d\u8b70\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u9f13\u52f5\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u548c\u89e3\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u51fa\u73fe\u50f5\u5c40\u6216\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u89e3\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5c0b\u6c42\u6cd5\u9662\u6307\u793a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u63d0\u540d\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u6216\u5f8b\u5e2b\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u76f8\u95dc\u907a\u7522\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n

                  \u6cd5\u9662\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u63a2\u8a0e\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u6700\u9069\u5408\u7ba1\u7406\u907a\u7522\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5f8b\u5e2b\u5247\u66f4\u70ba\u5408\u9069\u3002<\/p>\n

                  \u5728Re Lai Suet Ching <\/em>[2015] HKCFI 2323\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u95e1\u660e\u4e86\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u6b64\u985e\u59d4\u4efb\u6642\u5c07\u8003\u616e\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8996\u4e4e\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4e26\u6839\u64da\u300a\u689d\u4f8b\u300b\u7b2c36\u689d\u884c\u4f7f\u914c\u60c5\u6b0a\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u7b2c26\u6bb5\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u914c\u60c5\u6b0a\u300c\u61c9<\/em>\u4ee5<\/em>\u907a\u7522\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5229\u76ca<\/em>\u70ba\u91cd<\/em>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f9d\u6cd5<\/em>\u843d\u5be6<\/em>\u5feb\u6377<\/em>\u800c<\/em>\u5408\u4e4e\u7d93\u6fdf\u539f\u5247\u7684\u7ba1\u7406<\/em>\u300d\u3002\u88ab\u63d0\u540d\u4eba\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u6536\u8cbb\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u8207\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u5426\u5408\u4e4e\u7d93\u6fdf\u539f\u5247\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u6536\u8cbb\u4e0d\u61c9\u56b4\u91cd\u6d88\u8017\u907a\u7522\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u59d4\u4efb\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u6216\u5f8b\u5e2b\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u4ea6\u9700\u6b0a\u8861\u5229\u5f0a\u2014\u2014\u5728\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b9\u9762\u6216\u6578\u5b57\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u96e3\u8655\u7406\uff1f<\/p>\n

                  \u5118\u7ba1Lai Suet Ching<\/em>\u6848\u6d89\u53ca\u50f9\u503c\u8d85\u904e2,230\u842c\u6e2f\u5143\u7684\u907a\u7522\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u7531\u5f8b\u5e2b\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u6bd4\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u66f4\u5408\u9069\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8a72\u7b46\u907a\u7522\u727d\u6d89\u5f88\u591a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u9700\u8981\u5f8b\u5e2b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u88ab\u59d4\u4efb\u7684\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\uff1a<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \u4e86\u89e3\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u7d04\u5b9a\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u5b89\u6392\uff1b<\/li>\n
                  2. \u78ba\u5b9a\u5df2\u6545\u6bcd\u89aa\u5177\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u907a\u7522\uff1b<\/li>\n
                  3. \u78ba\u5b9a\u5df2\u6545\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u5c1a\u672a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u907a\u7522\uff0c\u800c\u8a72\u7b46\u907a\u7522\u5c6c\u65bc\u6bcd\u89aa\u907a\u7522\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1b\u53ca<\/li>\n
                  4. \u8655\u7406\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u7684\u8a34\u8a1f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Ren Micky v Fung Kung Kuen and Others<\/em> [2022] HKCFI 2385\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u6c7a\u5b9a\u59d4\u4efb\u5f8b\u5e2b\u6216\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u4f86\u7ba1\u7406\u907a\u7522\u3002\u6700\u7d42\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u884c\u4f7f\u914c\u60c5\u6b0a\u59d4\u4efb\u4e86\u5f8b\u5e2b\u800c\u975e\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \u6709\u95dc\u907a\u7522\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u76f8\u5c0d\u7c21\u55ae\u76f4\u63a5\uff1b\u53ca<\/li>\n
                    2. \u6848\u4ef6\u5177\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u8a34\u8a1f\uff0c\u6545\u7531\u5f8b\u5e2b\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u66f4\u70ba\u5408\u9069\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \u6b63\u5982\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u7b2c27\u548c34\u6bb5\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u96d6\u7136<\/em>\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u53ef\u80fd\u5728<\/em>\u64ec\u5099<\/em>\u8cec\u76ee\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u5be9\u8a08\u65b9\u9762\u66f4<\/em>\u6709<\/em>\u7d93\u9a57\u2026\u2026\u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\uff0c<\/em>\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522<\/em>\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba<\/em>\u7684<\/em>\u5f8b\u5e2b\u64c1<\/em>\u6709<\/em>\u66f4\u591a\u89aa\u81ea<\/em>\u4e0a\u5ead\u51fa\u5e2d\u8046\u8a0a\u7684\u7d93\u9a57<\/em>\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

                      \u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u719f\u6089\u5206\u6790\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5448\u73fe\u6578\u5b57\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u66f4\u9069\u5408\u7ba1\u7406\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u500b\u696d\u52d9\u53ca\uff0f\u6216\u73fe\u91d1\u6d41\u7684\u907a\u7522\u3002<\/p>\n

                      Chan Yu Hong v Chan Kam Hong and Others <\/em>[2017] HKCFI 1275\u4e00\u6848\u7684\u907a\u7522\u6d89\u53ca\u6b7b\u8005\u7368\u8cc7\u7d93\u71df\u7684\u696d\u52d9\u3002\u6848\u4ef6\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u540d\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7d93\u71df\u8a72\u696d\u52d9\u3002\u70ba\u9054\u6210\u8a72\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\u58eb\u9700\u4ee5\u5408\u5925\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u6216\u65b0\u7684\u7368\u8cc7\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u6216\u6210\u7acb\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u3002\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u7368\u8cc7\u4f01\u696d\u5247\u7121\u6cd5\u8f49\u79fb\u81f3\u65b0\u7684\u696d\u52d9\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u7576\u5176\u4ed6\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u7533\u8acb\u66ff\u4ee3\u5c1a\u5b58\u7684\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u4ee4\u59d4\u4efb\u4e00\u540d\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u64d4\u4efb\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u539f\u6709\u7684\u907a\u56d1\u57f7\u884c\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u907a\u7522\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8cec\u76ee\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u4ea6\u6307\u51fa\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u70ba\u8003\u616e\u5176\u696d\u52d9\u7684\u5546\u8b7d\u3001\u5eab\u5b58\u548c\u61c9\u6536\uff0f\u61c9\u4ed8\u8cec\u76ee\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u696d\u52d9\u9032\u884c\u6e96\u78ba\u4f30\u503c\u3002\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u7121\u7591\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5bf6\u8cb4\u3002<\/p>\n

                      \u7e3d\u7d50<\/h5>\n

                      \u6b78\u6839\u7d50\u5e95\uff0c\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5c0d\u907a\u7522\u548c\u6240\u6709\u907a\u7522\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u8ca0\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u64c1\u6709\u914d\u5408\u6848\u4ef6\u6240\u9700\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\u9078\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u63d0\u540d\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u548c\u5f8b\u5e2b\u5171\u540c\u7ba1\u7406\u907a\u7522\uff0c\u4f46\u52d9\u5fc5\u6ce8\u610f\u6b64\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6703\u7522\u751f\u7684\u8cbb\u7528\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u8996\u4e4e\u907a\u7522\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u8ca1\u52d9\u4e8b\u5be6\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c7a\u5b9a\u59d4\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u907a\u7522\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5169\u65b9\u9762\u5747\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u53ef\u8058\u8acb\u5f8b\u5e2b\u6216\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u53ea\u8655\u7406\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u52d9\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u5177\u6210\u672c\u6548\u76ca\u5730\u8655\u7406\u907a\u7522\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u53ca\u5f8b\u5e2b\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u512a\u9ede\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                      \u8a3b\u518a\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b<\/u><\/strong><\/h5>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u900f\u904e\u6cd5\u52d9\u6703\u8a08\u4f86\u8ffd\u8e2a\u548c\u8b58\u5225\u7f3a\u5931\uff0f\u88ab\u632a\u7528\u7684\u8cc7\u7522<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u8a08\u7b97\u7f3a\u5931\uff0f\u88ab\u632a\u7528\u8cc7\u7522\u7684\u50f9\u503c<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u70ba\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u8ca1\u7522\u5099\u5b58\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u8cec\u76ee\u548c\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u8ca1\u7522<\/p>\n

                       <\/td>\n

                      		\n
                      \u5f8b\u5e2b<\/u><\/strong><\/h5>\n

                      <\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u8655\u7406\u6b63\u5728\u9032\u884c\u6216\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u8a34\u8a1f<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u8655\u7406\u6d89\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5354\u8b70\u7684\u907a\u7522\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u548c\u89e3\u5354\u8b70\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u5b89\u6392\u7b49\uff09<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u8655\u7406\u907a\u7522\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5982\u727d\u6d89\u8907\u96dc\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6388\u4e88\u66f8\u7533\u8acb\u548c\u78ba\u5b9a\u907a\u7522\u8cc7\u7522<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u8655\u7406\u4fe1\u8a17\u8cc7\u7522<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u5728\u4e0d\u640d\u5bb3\u96d9\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u524d\u8a2d\u4e0b\uff0c\u6307\u5f15\u96d9\u65b9\u9032\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u548c\u8abf\u89e3<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u9069\u7576\u6642\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u8a34\u8a1f\u4e2d\u627f\u8fa6\u53ca\u4ee3\u8868\u907a\u7522<\/p>\n

                      \u00b7 \u6709\u8655\u7406\u548c\u51fa\u552e\u5730\u623f\u7522\u7684\u7d93\u9a57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      \n

                      Originally published on Hong Kong Lawyer<\/a> – November 2022<\/a> issue<\/em><\/p>\n

                      \u6700\u521d\u65bc2022\u5e7411\u6708<\/a>\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u5f8b\u5e2b<\/a>\u767c\u8868[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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